Jenkins v. United States

Appellant was charged and convicted in a jury trial of first-degree burglary (D.C. Code 1973, § 22-1801(a)), grand larceny (id. § 22-2201), and malicious destruction of property (id. § 22-403). On appeal he contends that reversal is required because of prejudicial prosecutorial misconduct in the rebuttal argument and improper cross-examination with regard to his prior convictions.1 After considering these claims in light of the entire record, we find no reversible error.

The charges in this case stemmed from a burglary in the home of Ms. Gladys Bates on September 19, 1974. The government’s evidence revealed that Ms. Bates, asleep in a second floor bedroom on the night in question, was awakened by a noise at approximately one A.M. and saw an “image” in the upstairs hallway. When the figure turned, she recognized appellant, who had lived for many years next door with his mother. Ms. Bates, screaming, pursued him down the stairs and saw him attempt to pick up a stereo speaker on the way out the door. She then observed him jump over a fence into his mother’s yard. Thereafter Ms. Bates discovered that her family’s stereo component set and a television set were lying in her backyard, and certain other items in the house were missing.

Meanwhile, Ms. Bates’ fifteen-year-old son was awakened and ran outside into an alley where he encountered appellant, who told him that he had been chasing someone who had just robbed the Bates’ house. Returning through the alley to the back of his house, the Bates youth saw a stereo speaker belonging to his family in his neighbor’s yard. He noticed that his neighbor’s basement door was open and that a broken window in his own basement door had been removed.

At approximately 1:25 A.M., appellant was arrested in a phone booth a few blocks away. He was found to have a fresh cut on his left hand. The police subsequently discovered his finger print on the broken window which had been removed from a basement door in the Bates’ house.

Appellant presented three alibi witnesses who stated that they were with him on the night in question until shortly before one A.M. Appellant testified that at that time he went to a phone booth to call his girl friend and was speaking to her when he was apprehended. He denied having burglarized the Bates’ house and contended that Ms. Bates was testifying against him because of prior disagreements between them.

In closing and rebuttal arguments, both counsel made reference to Ms. Bates’ alleged bias. Appellant contends that certain of the prosecutor’s statements in his rebuttal argument were improper and so prejudicial as to warrant a new trial. Specifically, counsel for the government stated:

This whole thing about this longstanding animosity between the defendant and Mrs. Bates is nothing more and nothing less than a total outright fabrication by the defendant.

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She wouldn’t come down and take the oath to tell the truth and tell lies unless she has a reason, so the defendant invented one.

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Ladies and gentlemen, you should be outraged that he would attempt to perpetrate that fraud on you.

Later, the prosecutor added:

Defendant was the one and only witness who sat for all the testimony during trial. .. He had an advantage over everybody. He already knew what the evidence was, and he knew exactly what he had to explain away and did everything he could to explain it.

We question the propriety of these remarks, which are not unlike the closing statements challenged in Harris v. United States, 131 U.S.App.D.C. 105, 402 F.2d 656 (1968).2 There, the court determined that the prosecutor’s characterization of defendant’s testimony as, inter alia, a “lie” and a “fabrication” was in essence an opinion of counsel as to the veracity of the witness where veracity might have determined the ultimate issue of guilt or innocence. Id. at 106, 402 F.2d at 657.3 Judge, now Chief Justice, Burger, writing for the court, stated:

We address ourselves to these remarks not because we view them as having had significant impact on this case but because of the frequent nonobservance of the prohibition against expressions of personal opinions on the ultimate issue by counsel.

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This is more than a matter of semantics; the purpose of the rule forbidding expression of opinion of counsel on the ultimate issue is to keep the focus on the evidence

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The prosecutor is certainly free to strike hard blows at witnesses whose credibility he is challenging. But what he may not do is divert the focus of the jury’s consideration of the case from the facts in evidence to the attorney’s personal evaluations of the weight of the evidence. [Id. at 106-08, 402 F.2d at 657-59.]4

In the instant case, the prosecutor’s remarks clearly reflected his own opinion as to appellant’s lack of veracity. In addition, he subsequently suggested that appellant’s presence during the trial facilitated his ability to fabricate. In effect, the prosecutor sought to have the jury draw adverse inferences from appellant’s exercise of his right to confront the witnesses against him.5 Cf. Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965). This, we think, was improper, and in the future, such comments on a defendant’s presence in the courtroom should not be countenanced by the trial court.

However, viewing the trial as a whole, we are of the opinion that the challenged remarks could not be said .to have significantly affected the jury’s verdict and therefore do not warrant reversal. See Hyman v. United States, D.C.App., 342 A.2d 43, 45 (1975); Smith v. United States, D.C.App., 315 A.2d 163, 166-67, cert. denied, 419 U.S. 896, 95 S.Ct. 174, 42 L.Ed.2d 139 (1974); Medina v. United States, D.C.App., 315 A.2d 169, 171 (1974). Cf. Villacres v. United States, Cf.D.C.App., 357 A.2d 423 (1976). The decisive factors in determining whether prosecutorial misconduct substantially prejudiced the accused are the relative strength of the government’s evidence, the centrality of the issue affected, and the mitigating efforts made at trial. Hyman v. United States, supra; Smith v. United States, supra. In addition, the opinion of the trial judge is entitled to some reliance since only he had the opportunity to appraise the effect of the remarks in their setting. Smith v. United States, supra at 167. Here, although the issue of appellant’s credibility was of significance, the government’s evidence against him was very strong.6 At the conclusion of the closing arguments, the trial judge gave the jury instructions on its obligation to judge credibility and on the status of statements by counsel. Moreover, in denying defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial on the ground of prosecutorial misconduct, the trial court, noting that both counsel “fought the case hard,” determined that the jury, having heard both sides of the case, would be able to render a fair verdict. We agree, and hold that the challenged remarks of the prosecutor do not constitute reversible error.

Appellant also contends that the prosecutor engaged in improper and prejudicial cross-examination concerning appellant’s prior convictions of robbery and assault with intent to commit robbery. In response to questions by government counsel during cross-examination, appellant admitted, “I pled guilty to those cases,”7 An immediate limiting instruction was given. On redirect, appellant, over the objection of the government, was permitted to testify that he had pled guilty to the prior offenses because he had been guilty and that he had pled not guilty in this case because he believed he was innocent.8 On recross-examination, the prosecutor was allowed to inquire whether “certain promises” had been made by the government in return for the prior guilty pleas. After receiving a negative response, the prosecutor repeated the question several times, unsuccessfully attempting to elicit an admission from appellant. The court interrupted and cut off further testimony on the matter when counsel attempted to question appellant specifically as to whether he had pled guilty to a lesser offense than that charged in one of the prior cases. Another cautionary instruction was given at that time and also at the conclusion of trial.

As a general rule, evidence of pri- or convictions is admissible only for the purpose of attacking credibility and may not be used as proof of guilt. United States v. Carter, 157 U.S.App.D.C. 149, 150, 482 F.2d 738, 739 (1973); United States v. Bobbitt, 146 U.S.App.D.C. 224, 227, 450 F.2d 685, 688 (1971). See also Dixon v. United States, D.C.App., 287 A.2d 89, cert. denied, 407 U.S. 926, 92 S.Ct. 2474, 32 L.Ed.2d 813 (1972). Because the questions concerning the details of appellant’s prior plea bargains were aimed at rebutting his version of the earlier guilty pleas, the trial court ruled that they were proper on the ground that appellant had opened the door to the subject. The doctrine of curative admissibility, or “opening the door,” permits, under certain circumstances, the introduction by one party of otherwise inadmissible evidence with regard to matters which the other party has opened up. 1 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 15 (3d ed. 1940). However, “[pier-mission to explore in rebuttal with testimony not admissible on direct, on the ground that the other party has opened the doors, rests ‘upon the necessity of removing prejudice in the interest of fairness.’ Crawford v. United States, 91 U.S.App.D.C. 234, 237, 198 F.2d 976, 979 (1952). . .. .. Introduction of otherwise inadmissible evidence under shield of this doctrine is permitted ‘only to the extent necessary to remove any unfair prejudice which might otherwise have ensued from the original evidence.’ ” United States v. Winston, 145 U.S.App.D.C. 67, 71, 447 F.2d 1236, 1240 (1971) (footnote omitted), quoting California Insurance Co. v. Allen, 235 F.2d 178, 180 (5th Cir. 1956).

In the particular circumstances of this case, we find it unnecessary to decide whether fairness to the government required application of the opening-the-door rule, since we are not persuaded that appellant suffered any prejudice. The questions were limited solely to “promises” made during prior plea bargain negotiations and did not involve the facts of the prior offenses. Since appellant denied that any promises had been made, the recross-examination elicited no evidence that had not already been brought out in redirect by appellant’s counsel. Therefore, it is unlikely that the rebuttal questions enhanced the possibility that the jury would consider the prior convictions as substantive evidence of guilt. Cf. Curry v. United States, D.C.App., 322 A.2d 268, 270 (1974). Moreover, the trial judge gave a cautionary instruction immediately after cutting off further inquiry into the matter. This, coupled with two other limiting instructions during cross-examination and at the close of trial, was sufficient to eliminate any additional prejudice arising from the rebuttal examination. See Curry v. United States, supra. See also Dixon v. United States, supra at 93-95.

After reviewing the record, we conclude that appellant’s other contentions concerning the sufficiency of the evidence are without merit.9 Accordingly, the judgment of conviction is

Affirmed.