Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

International Terminal Operating Co., Inc. v. Waterman Steamship Co.

1959 U.S. App. LEXIS 5054 · 272 F.2d 15 · 2 Fed. R. Serv. 2d 788

November 10, 1959 · Docket 243, Docket 25429

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Opinion

WATERMAN, Circuit Judge.

This case presents an unusual question under the Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, 33 U.S.C.A. §§ 901-950. Plaintiff is a stevedoring concern. On April 23, 1951, Francesco Mancino, an employee of plaintiff’s predecessor, Jarka Corporation, was injured while unloading defendant’s vessel, the S.S. Bienville. Jarka made compensation payments to Mancino without award.1 Mancino then commenced an action against defendant in the New York State Supreme Court. While this action was pending Jarka notified defendant that it had made compensation payments to Mancino and that it would look to defendant for reimbursement for the amount of such payments should Mancino obtain a judgment against defendant or should the litigation be settled. Pursuant to a plan of settlement devised by the judge before whom Man-cino’s claim was tried, on March 20, 1953 a judgment was entered against defendant and a cheek for the amount of that judgment was immediately paid over to Mancino.

Plaintiff filed an action for reimbursement against defendant in October 1956 in the New York Courts and the action was removed to the Southern District of New York. Plaintiff has asserted that it had an “equitable lien” on any judgment or settlement to the extent of the compensation payments it made prior to such judgment or settlement, that defendant had been notified of the existence of this “lien,” and that therefore defendant, by its act of paying over the entire judgment to Mancino had, despite the “lien,” converted that portion of the judgment equal to plaintiff’s compensation payment. In an unreported opinion Judge Noonan dismissed the complaint on December 30, 1957.2 3

The parties agree as to the precise facts with respect to the settlement procedure required by the New York court. We feel called upon to remark that this procedure was, to say the very least, extraordinary. Mancino’s case, heard without a jury, commenced on March 17, 1953. The following day, upon the completion of the presentation of Mancino’s evidence, defendant moved to dismiss for failure to establish a prima facie case. The motion having been denied, defendant was prepared to begin a defense based upon the theory that Mancino’s injury did not result from any unsea-worthy condition of the vessel but instead resulted solely from the negligence of Mancino’s fellow workers. The trial judge announced, however, that, irrespective of the merits of the defense, unless defendant would consent to a settlement for §17,500 at this stage of the trial defendant should expect that at the conclusion of the case judgment would be entered against it for an amount that would approximate «835,000. Defendant’s trial counsel objected to the obvious impropriety of such a demand; but, after conferring with an officer of defendant, counsel acceded to the demand, well aware of the fact that the trial judge, as trier of fact, had power to bring his threat into actuality. Aware of Jarka’s asserted “lien,” the trial judge on the opening day of trial had directed defendant to communicate to Jarka the fact that settlement was imminent and that a Jarka representative should be present at court for any settlement conference. Defendant’s counsel carried out the court’s request, but an authorized official of Jarka replied that Jarka had no intention of being present, from belief that pressure would be exerted upon it to compromise its claim for reimbursement.3 The following day, March 19, the trial judge ordered that defendant was to consent to judgment for $17,500 to be entered against it on March 20; defendant was to have a check for this amount in court to settle the judgment, and, in the meantime, defendant was to have no further communication with Jarka. In obedience to these explicit directions of the judge, all this was done on March 20.

We are called upon to decide, under the peculiar circumstances here present, what rights of reimbursement an employer may assert against the third party where the employer has notified the third party that it has made compensation payments and when the employee has thereafter obtained a judgment against the third party. The general theory of the Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act is clear enough. With exceptions not here relevant, an employee is entitled to compensation if he is injured on navigable waters of the United States and is not eligible for compensation under state law, 33 U.S.C.A. § 903. If his employer contests liability, and compensation payments 4 occur as the result of an award, any right of action against third persons whose negligence may have caused the employee’s injury passes to his employer by way of constructive assignment. 33 U.S.C.A. §§ 914(a), 933(b). When this assignment occurs, and the employer is successful in an action against a third party, the amount by which the sum the employer recovers exceeds the amount of compensation payments it paid out must be turned over to the employee. 33 U.S. C.A. § 933(e). If, however, no award has been made, the employee may bring an action against third persons in his own right, 33 U.S.C.A. § 933(a); but there is no express statutory provision entitling an employer to reimbursement for compensation payments out of the sums so recovered by the employee. However, in keeping with the underlying principle of 33 U.S.C.A. § 933(e) that the employer is entitled to reimbursement for its compensation payments courts uniformly have permitted the employer to intervene in an employee’s suit against a third person in order to assert a claim to that portion of any judgment so recovered equal to the amount of compensation payments. The leading case is The Etna, 3 Cir., 1943, 138 F.2d 37. See also Fontana v. Pennsylvania R. Co., D.C.S.D.N.Y.1952, 106 F.Supp. 461, affirmed Fontana v. Grace Line, 2 Cir., 205 F.2d 151, certiorari denied sub nom. Fontana v. Huron Stevedoring Co., 346 U.S. 886, 74 S.Ct. 137, 98 L.Ed. 390; Ruggiero v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 1947, 272 App.Div. 1027, 74 N.Y.S.2d 428, affirmed 298 N.Y. 775, 83 N.E.2d 467; 5 and cf. Poleski v. Moore-McCormack Lines, D.C.Md.1958, 21 F.R.D. 579. The Etna holds that it would be improper for the employee to obtain double recovery by retaining that portion of the judgment that equals the amounts he has already received by way of compensation payments from his employer. This reasoning in no way supports the contention which appellant here advances. Appellant’s right to reimbursement is not here in issue. The sole question here is whether an employer having that right, merely by notifying the party sued by its employee that compensation payments have been made, can shift to this third person the entire burden of protecting its right to a portion of any judgment or settlement. We leave open the question whether notification can have this result under normal circumstances.6 We hold that, in the present case, in view of the fact that appellant does not dispute that appellee was ordered by a state court of competent jurisdiction to disregard the asserted claim of lien and to turn over the entire amount to the employee, plaintiff-employer must look only to its employee for satisfaction of its claim for reimbursement.

Judgment affirmed,

.

. 33 U.S.C.A. § 914(a) provides that payments shall begin without award unless the employer contests his liability.

.

. Defendant counterclaimed for the total amount of Mancino’s judgment alleging plaintiff was obligated to indemnify it, claiming that Mancino’s injury resulted from the negligence of Mancino’s co-workers. The counterclaim has not yet been adjudicated. Judge Noonan’s dismissal order of December 30, 1957 was appealed to this court. We dismissed the appeal for lack of a finding that there was no just cause for delay until the entire case could be adjudicated, a finding required by Rule- 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A. International Term Operating Co. v. Waterman S.S. Co., 2 Cir., 1958, 255 F.2d 657. Judge Noonan modified the dismissal order to include this necessary finding on September 30,1958. The entry of final judgment on plaintiff’s claim for reimbursement, while postponing adjudication of the counterclaim, would seem to-approach the limits of a district judge’s discretion. Panichella v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 3 Cir., 1958, 252 F.2d 452; District 65, etc. v. McKague, 3 Cir., 1954, 216 F.2d 153. But the action appears to be adequate under Rule 54(b) to support this appeal. Cold Metal Process Co. v. United Engineering & Foundry Co., 1956, 351 U.S. 445, 76 S.Ct. 904, 100 L.Ed. 1311; Bendix Aviation Corp. v. Glass, 3 Cir., 1952, 195 F.2d 267, 38 A.L.R.2d 356; Omark Industries v. Lubanko Tool Co., 2 Cir., 1959, 266 F.2d 540.

The counterclaim has not yet been adjudicated.Judge Noonan’s dismissal order of December 30, 1957 was appealed to this court.We dismissed the appeal for lack of a finding that there was no just cause for delay until the entire case could be adjudicated, a finding required by Rule- 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A. International Term Operating Co. v. Waterman S.S. Co., 2 Cir., 1958, 255 F.2d 657 .Judge Noonan modified the dismissal order to include this necessary finding on September 30,1958.The entry of final judgment on plaintiff’s claim for reimbursement, while postponing adjudication of the counterclaim, would seem to-approach the limits of a district judge’s discretion.Panichella v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 3 Cir., 1958, 252 F.2d 452 ; District 65, etc. v. McKague, 3 Cir., 1954, 216 F.2d 153 .But the action appears to be adequate under Rule 54(b) to support this appeal.Cold Metal Process Co. v. United Engineering & Foundry Co., 1956, 351 U.S. 445 , 76 S.Ct. 904 , 100 L.Ed. 1311 ; Bendix Aviation Corp. v. Glass, 3 Cir., 1952, 195 F.2d 267 , 38 A.L.R.2d 356 ; Omark Industries v. Lubanko Tool Co., 2 Cir., 1959, 266 F.2d 540 ..

. In view of the doctrine in The Etna, 3 Oir., 1943, 138 F.2d 37, plaintiff’s fears that it could be forced to reduce its claim for reimbursement appear to be groundless.

, 1943, 138 F.2d 37 , plaintiff’s fears that it could be forced to reduce its claim for reimbursement appear to be groundless..

. As used in this opinion tho phrase “compensation payments” includes payments for medical services and supplies under 33 U.S.C.A. § 907 as well as payments under 33 U.S.C.A. §<j 908 or 909.

.

. As the Ruggiero case clearly recognized, the employer’s rights to reimbursement for compensation payments made under the Longshoremen’s Compensation Act is a matter to be determined exclusively by federal law. One reason for dissatisfaction with the reasoning of Jarka Corp. v. Fireman’s Fund Indemnity Co., 1955, 286 App.Div. 148, 142 N.Y.S.2d 369 appeal denied 286 App.Div. 1003, 145 N.Y.S.2d 313, appeal dism’d 306 N.Y. 909, 131 N.E.2d 908, a case purporting to decide the question which this opinion leaves open, is the fact that there the court rendered decision without reference to federal law.

One reason for dissatisfaction with the reasoning of Jarka Corp. v. Fireman’s Fund Indemnity Co., 1955, 286 App.Div.148 , 142 N.Y.S.2d 369 appeal denied 286 App.Div.1003 , 145 N.Y.S.2d 313 , appeal dism’d 306 N.Y. 909 , 131 N.E.2d 908 , a case purporting to decide the question which this opinion leaves open, is the fact that there the court rendered decision without reference to federal law..

. We note that under present law the employer’s right to reimbursement is well protected. Under the Etna doctrine he may intervene in his employee’s action. Or he may obtain from his employee’s attorneys an agreement that they will retain for him from any judgment an amount equal to his compensation payments. See Oleszczuk v. Calmar S.S.Corp., D.C.D.Md.1958, 163 F.Supp. 370, 371. As a third method of protection it is at least arguable that by virtue of 33 U.S.C.A. § 933(b) an employer, in order to protect its right of reimbursement, may postpone compensation payments until an award, even though 33 U.S.C.A. § 914(a) provides that payments should begin immediately unless an employer contests his liability.

Under the Etna doctrine he may intervene in his employee’s action.Or he may obtain from his employee’s attorneys an agreement that they will retain for him from any judgment an amount equal to his compensation payments.See Oleszczuk v. Calmar S.S.Corp., D.C.D.Md.1958, 163 F.Supp.370, 371 . As a third method of protection it is at least arguable that by virtue of 33 U.S.C.A. § 933 (b) an employer, in order to protect its right of reimbursement, may postpone compensation payments until an award, even though 33 U.S.C.A. § 914 (a) provides that payments should begin immediately unless an employer contests his liability.