Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Sargent v. Tenaska
March 5, 1997 · Docket 96-1804
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Opinion
USCA1 Opinion
____________________ APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS [Hon.Michael A. Ponsor, U.S. District Judge] ___________________ ____________________ Before Selya, Circuit Judge, _____________ Aldrich, Senior Circuit Judge, ____________________ and Boudin, Circuit Judge._____________ ____________________ Thomas P. Billings with whom Karen S. White and Sally & Fitch ___________________ _______________ ______________ were on brief for appellant.Stephen B. Deutsch with whom Foley, Hoag & Eliot was on brief for __________________ ____________________ appellee.____________________ March 5, 1997 ____________________ BOUDIN, Circuit Judge.Wayne Sargent brought this ______________ action in the district court against his former employer, Tenaska, Inc. On appeal, the case has been narrowed: the issue is whether Sargent has a claim to certain ownership interests because of an alleged breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing under Massachusetts law.Because the district court granted summary judgment against Sargent on this issue, we review its decision de __ novo, drawing reasonable factual inferences in Sargent's ____ favor.Grenier v. Vermont Log Bldgs., Inc., 96 F.3d 559 , 562 _______ ________________________ (1st Cir. 1996).Tenaska, Inc., develops power generation and cogeneration projects in different areas of the United States.Sargent, a Massachusetts resident with many years of pertinent engineering and management experience, was hired by Tenaska, Inc., in May 1990.His title was General Manager of the Eastern Region.Tenaska, Inc., had a cogeneration project under way in Lee, Massachusetts, and it was hoped that Sargent would organize other projects in the Eastern Region for the company.Sargent's compensation included not only a management- level salary but also a promise of an "ownership interest of 1.50% in Tenaska, Inc., Lee Mass Cogeneration Company, Tenaska Gas Company and in any entities created for new projects and formed by Tenaska subsequent to [his] employment -2- -2- start date."This language appeared in a letter from Tenaska, Inc., to Sargent offering employment.The district court treated the letter as setting forth the initial terms of an at-will employment relationship and neither side now disputes this treatment.Tenaska's letter provided that Sargent's ownership rights would be made available beginning twelve months after the start of his employment.The letter also said that the ownership plan, which had not yet been developed, would ultimately include a right of the company "to buy back the ownership interests of terminated employees under specified terms and conditions that will penalize short-term employment and reward performance and long-term accomplishments."Tenaska, Inc., never developed a single ownership plan but instead set up a separate plan for each entity, including almost a half-dozen new ones created after Sargent joined the company and during his tenure.In general, the plans provided a vesting schedule for ownership interests acquired by an employee; the company was allowed on termination of an employee to repurchase the unvested portion at a nominal ________ price.The vesting schedule, in the typical plan, provided as follows:1 First 6 months:0% is vested ____________________ 1In the case of one company, the entire interest could be repurchased even after the full vesting period, but Tenaska had to pay book value for the vested portion.For another company, half the vested interest could always be repurchased for nominal value.These variations do not alter -3- -3- Months 7-18: 15% is vested Months 19-30: 35% is vested Months 31-42: 65% is vested After 42d month: 100% is vested Not long after Sargent joined Tenaska, Inc., the Lee project was cancelled.The project was not revived and no other projects were secured in Sargent's region during his period of employment.In December 1993, Tenaska, Inc., decided to close its Massachusetts office and to eliminate Sargent's position.Sargent was offered a new position at the company's Omaha headquarters; the new position carried a lower salary and less favorable benefits in the ownership plans, including a reduction in various interests Sargent had or hoped to secure in existing projects.Sargent declined the proposal and was terminated by Tenaska, Inc., in January 1994, having served about three and one-half years with the company.Prior to termination, Sargent had been granted certain ownership interests in a few of the Tenaska projects but less than all to which he deemed himself entitled under the terms of the employment letter.Sargent immediately brought the present suit in the district court against Tenaska, Inc., seeking all that his employment letter explicitly provided, and more.____________________ the issue on appeal, and we disregard them for simplicity's sake.-4- -4- The explicit contract claim need not detain us.On cross motions for summary judgment, the district court ruled the employment letter was a contract, suggesting that Sargent might be entitled to ownership interests, or comparable damages, to the extent that the promised interests had become vested under their plans at the time of his termination.Sargent v. Tenaska, Inc., 914 F. Supp. 722, 729, 730 (D._______ ______________ Mass. 1996).Thereafter, Sargent and Tenaska, Inc., reached a settlement that disposed entirely of these express contract claims.What remains open is Sargent's claim for "more."In substance, Sargent has argued in the district court and on appeal that he is also entitled to the unvested portion of the ownership interests in question that would have become vested in due course if he had not been discharged.The basis for this claim is the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing that Massachusetts law reads into employment contracts.This implied covenant has been taken by Massachusetts courts to permit discharged employees to recover unpaid commissions or other expectancies in certain circumstances.Fortune v. National Cash Register Co., 364 N.E.2d 1251 , 1257- _______ __________________________ 58 (Mass.1977).One condition is that the discharge have been done in bad faith; another, put generally, is that the interest or claim pertains to "past" services, i.e., to ____ -5- -5- services already performed at the time of the discharge.McCone v. New England Tel.& Tel.Co., 471 N.E.2d 47 , 49-50 ______ ____________________________ (Mass.1984).In the district court Tenaska, Inc., sought summary judgment against this Fortune claim.It conceded that its _______ good or bad faith in discharging Sargent could not be determined on summary judgment, but asserted that the unvested interests claimed by Sargent were compensation for future rather than past services.The district court agreed, stressing the language in the employment letter that the vesting provision was designed to "reward performance and long-term accomplishments."This appeal followed.The Fortune doctrine is easy to grasp in the simple _______ case that spawned it: an at-will salesman, entitled to a commission payable at a later date, is fired, after the sale but before the date of payment; and the reason for the firing is to cut off the commission.In that case, Massachusetts courts imply a covenant of good faith and fair dealing, treat the discharge as a breach, and fix the remedy as an award to the salesman of future compensation for the completed sale.Fortune, 364 N.E.2d at 1257-58 ._______ Since Fortune so held in 1977, Massachusetts appeals _______ courts have both extended and limited the doctrine in several important decisions.For example, Fortune-based recoveries _______ have been allowed in Gram v. Liberty Mut.Ins.Co., 429 ____ _______________________ -6- -6- N.E.2d 21, 29 (Mass.1981) ("Gram I"), Maddaloni v. Western ______ _________ _______ Mass. Bus Lines, 438 N.E.2d 351, 355-56 (Mass.1982), and ________________ Cataldo v. Zuckerman, 482 N.E.2d 849, 855-56 (Mass.App. Ct. _______ _________ 1985).These cases make clear that Fortune is not limited to _______ simple cases of commission sales with deferred payments.Id. ___ at 851-52.On the other hand, the Supreme Judicial Court has confined recovery to "identifiable, future benefit[s] ... reflective of past services," Gram I, 429 N.E.2d at 29, and ______ firmly excluded prospective benefits not thus tied to past services, McCone, 471 N.E.2d at 50 ; Gram v. Liberty Mut.______ ____ _____________ Ins.Co., 461 N.E.2d 796, 798 (Mass.1984) ("Gram II").The ________ ________ recurring difficulty, presented in the case before us, is how to decide whether the unvested interests relate to "past" or "future" services.We treat this characterization issue as one of law.The contract terms agreed to by the parties are not in dispute; the debate is whether the law should extend protection (assuming bad faith discharge) beyond the express terms of the contract to certain expectancies.The extent of such protection is primarily a matter for judges, not juries.See ___ Gram II, 461 N.E.2d at 798 ; cf.Green v. Richmond, 337 N.E.2d _______ ___ _____ ________ 691, 695 (Mass.1975) (judge decides the legal question of whether undisputed contract terms violate public policy).-7- -7- It is easy to find a protectable interest where, as in Fortune, the promised future payment is directly tied to a _______ particular past service, such as a discrete sale.This kind of correlation is harder where the future payment is connected not with a specific past act but with continued service at the company over a period of time.The company could be interested simply in the employee's service as it occurs or, at the other extreme, in keeping the employee until the last day no matter what.In the former case, one could treat all of the time worked prior to discharge as past _____ ____ services and require pro rata payment; the latter case might suggest otherwise.In reality, motives are often mixed: the company may want both to provide an ongoing incentive to work harder and to retain an ever more valuable employee as long as possible.A periodic vesting schedule achieves both aims; and the latter is reenforced where, as here, the incremental amount ___________ vested in each period increases in later periods.And, with periodic vesting, the employee gets some contractual protection (i.e., of vested interests) against the loss of ____ the job in midstream.A good argument could be made that, where a colorable periodic vesting period is provided, the parties should be taken to have settled between themselves the issue that the Fortune doctrine itself seeks to mediate: how much of the _______ -8- -8- promised future compensation should be treated as already earned prior to the discharge.But Massachusetts case law sends mixed signals on this issue.Compare Cataldo, 482 _______ _______ N.E.2d at 851-52 with Cort v. Bristol-Myers Co., 431 N.E.2d ____ ____ __________________ 908, 910-11 (Mass.1982).Certainly, terms like "vested" and "unvested" do not automatically control.An agreement might provide that an employee who worked for five years to complete a five-year project would get a one-third interest at the end but nothing if he left prior to that date.If the employee was fired in bad faith a month before completion, it is doubtful that Fortune could be shrugged off by saying that the interest had _______ not yet vested.2 Still, ordinarily, a colorable periodic vesting schedule ________ crudely delineates the line between past and future services.While Sargent remained at the company, his past services grew; but so did his vested interests.Most of his past services were therefore already compensated by his contractual claims to vested interests; and unvested ____________________ 2We decline Sargent's invitation to rely upon the unpublished slip opinion in Ground Round, Inc. v. King, 671 ___________________ ____ N.E.2d 224 (1996) (Table), a summarily affirmed decision of the Massachusetts Appeals Court that has some bearing upon such a hypothetical.Massachusetts forbids citations to such opinions in most circumstances, see Lyons v. Labor Relations ___ _____ _______________ Comm'n, 476 N.E.2d 243 , 246 n.7 (Mass.App. Ct. 1985), for ______ reasons explained by the Lyons court, id., that make the _____ ___ seldom employed alternative practice exemplified by Aviles v. ______ Burgos, 783 F.2d 270 , 283 n.4 (1st Cir. 1986), inapposite ______ here.-9- -9- interests were largely associated with future services not protected under Fortune.We say "largely" because within the _______ ______ single vesting period embracing the date of discharge, one could make an effort to distinguish and protect services already performed between the start of that period and the date of discharge.Sargent has made no effort to argue for or support such a drastic narrowing of his claim; he has chosen to argue that yet unvested interests from all then-occurring and future ___ vesting periods are related to past compensation.Taking the case as he has framed it, we agree with the district court: taken as a whole, the unvested interests claimed by Sargent did not specifically and identifiably correspond to Sargent's past services.Predominantly, they were oriented to compensating services not yet provided.Sargent himself is unable to explain how the unvested interests he claims can plausibly be treated as payment for past services.His main argument is that it would be "an odd sort of 'future compensation' indeed, when the employee pays for it, receives it, earns income on it, and pays taxes on it-- all in the present."But there is nothing odd about it; certainly future services can be conditionally purchased by a nominal transfer of ownership subject to a vesting provision and enforced by a buy-back option.-10- -10- Sargent's best argument hangs on a single precedent, the Massachusetts Appeals Court decision Cataldo.There, a _______ developer hired Cataldo to supervise its projects, promising him, in addition to a base salary, a portion of the developer's equity in two named projects and in future projects handled by the firm.If Cataldo's employment ended during a project, the firm could buy back his interest at the lesser of appraised value or a sliding scale payment, giving ______ Cataldo $1,000 per month times the number of months the project had consumed.Cataldo, 482 N.E.2d at 851-52 ._______ The latter provision was effectively a periodic vesting provision.When Cataldo was later fired, he sued for his share of the developer's equity in several uncompleted projects.Although the trial judge apparently thought the express contract claim more suitable, he also instructed the jury under Fortune doctrine.Cataldo, 482 N.E.2d at 854 ._______ _______ The jury awarded Cataldo substantial sums.The Appeals Court affirmed, saying: We conclude that, when Cataldo was discharged, the possibility that Cataldo would gain later a vested share of the developer's equity in each [firm] project then viable was sufficiently an `identifiable, future benefit ... reflective of past services' ... performed by Cataldo, to come within the principle of the Fortune case.We _______ recognize, of course, that the precise limits of the doctrine of that case are not free from doubt.Cataldo, 482 N.E.2d at 855-56 (citations omitted)._______ -11- -11- Yet the Appeals Court never decided the question-- critical to us--whether the buy-back provision limited the firm's liability to Cataldo with respect to uncompleted projects.Instead, the court upheld a jury finding that the buy-back option had been waived because the firm failed to exercise that option promptly.Cataldo, 482 N.E.2d at 857 ._______ Indeed, the court's language implies that it might otherwise have limited liability to the vested interests.Hammond v. _______ T.J. Litle & Co., 82 F.3d 1166, 1168-69, 1172 (1st Cir. __________________ 1996), perhaps closer to our own facts, turned on the plain error rule.Absent controlling precedent, we have sought to apply the principle of Fortune--protection of compensation earned _______ for past services--and conclude that it does not fit ____ Sargent's unvested interests.To repeat, this is not because of any magic in the terms vested and unvested, but because the unvested interests here predominantly concern future ______ services expected from Sargent.Gram II, 461 N.E.2d at 798 ._______ If Fortune is to be extended, this is a matter for the _______ Massachusetts courts and not for us.Affirmed. ________ -12- -12-
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
____________________
No. 96-1804
WAYNE H. SARGENT,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
TENASKA, INC.,
Defendant, Appellee.
____________________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Michael A. Ponsor, U.S. District Judge] ___________________
____________________
Before
Selya, Circuit Judge, _____________
Aldrich, Senior Circuit Judge, ____________________
and Boudin, Circuit Judge. _____________
____________________
Thomas P. Billings with whom Karen S. White and Sally & Fitch ___________________ _______________ ______________
were on brief for appellant.
Stephen B. Deutsch with whom Foley, Hoag & Eliot was on brief for __________________ ____________________
appellee.
____________________
March 5, 1997
____________________
BOUDIN, Circuit Judge. Wayne Sargent brought this ______________
action in the district court against his former employer,
Tenaska, Inc. On appeal, the case has been narrowed: the
issue is whether Sargent has a claim to certain ownership
interests because of an alleged breach of the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing under Massachusetts
law. Because the district court granted summary judgment
against Sargent on this issue, we review its decision de __
novo, drawing reasonable factual inferences in Sargent's ____
favor. Grenier v. Vermont Log Bldgs., Inc., 96 F.3d 559, 562 _______ ________________________
(1st Cir. 1996).
Tenaska, Inc., develops power generation and
cogeneration projects in different areas of the United
States. Sargent, a Massachusetts resident with many years of
pertinent engineering and management experience, was hired by
Tenaska, Inc., in May 1990. His title was General Manager of
the Eastern Region. Tenaska, Inc., had a cogeneration
project under way in Lee, Massachusetts, and it was hoped
that Sargent would organize other projects in the Eastern
Region for the company.
Sargent's compensation included not only a management-
level salary but also a promise of an "ownership interest of
1.50% in Tenaska, Inc., Lee Mass Cogeneration Company,
Tenaska Gas Company and in any entities created for new
projects and formed by Tenaska subsequent to [his] employment
-2- -2-
start date." This language appeared in a letter from
Tenaska, Inc., to Sargent offering employment. The district
court treated the letter as setting forth the initial terms
of an at-will employment relationship and neither side now
disputes this treatment.
Tenaska's letter provided that Sargent's ownership
rights would be made available beginning twelve months after
the start of his employment. The letter also said that the
ownership plan, which had not yet been developed, would
ultimately include a right of the company "to buy back the
ownership interests of terminated employees under specified
terms and conditions that will penalize short-term employment
and reward performance and long-term accomplishments."
Tenaska, Inc., never developed a single ownership plan
but instead set up a separate plan for each entity, including
almost a half-dozen new ones created after Sargent joined the
company and during his tenure. In general, the plans
provided a vesting schedule for ownership interests acquired
by an employee; the company was allowed on termination of an
employee to repurchase the unvested portion at a nominal ________
price. The vesting schedule, in the typical plan, provided
as follows:1 First 6 months:0% is vested
____________________
1In the case of one company, the entire interest could
be repurchased even after the full vesting period, but
Tenaska had to pay book value for the vested portion. For
another company, half the vested interest could always be
repurchased for nominal value. These variations do not alter
-3- -3-
Months 7-18: 15% is vested
Months 19-30: 35% is vested
Months 31-42: 65% is vested
After 42d month: 100% is vested
Not long after Sargent joined Tenaska, Inc., the Lee
project was cancelled. The project was not revived and no
other projects were secured in Sargent's region during his
period of employment. In December 1993, Tenaska, Inc.,
decided to close its Massachusetts office and to eliminate
Sargent's position. Sargent was offered a new position at
the company's Omaha headquarters; the new position carried a
lower salary and less favorable benefits in the ownership
plans, including a reduction in various interests Sargent had
or hoped to secure in existing projects.
Sargent declined the proposal and was terminated by
Tenaska, Inc., in January 1994, having served about three and
one-half years with the company. Prior to termination,
Sargent had been granted certain ownership interests in a few
of the Tenaska projects but less than all to which he deemed
himself entitled under the terms of the employment letter.
Sargent immediately brought the present suit in the district
court against Tenaska, Inc., seeking all that his employment
letter explicitly provided, and more.
____________________
the issue on appeal, and we disregard them for simplicity's
sake.
-4- -4-
The explicit contract claim need not detain us. On
cross motions for summary judgment, the district court ruled
the employment letter was a contract, suggesting that Sargent
might be entitled to ownership interests, or comparable
damages, to the extent that the promised interests had become
vested under their plans at the time of his termination.
Sargent v. Tenaska, Inc., 914 F. Supp. 722, 729, 730 (D. _______ ______________
Mass. 1996). Thereafter, Sargent and Tenaska, Inc., reached
a settlement that disposed entirely of these express contract
claims.
What remains open is Sargent's claim for "more." In
substance, Sargent has argued in the district court and on
appeal that he is also entitled to the unvested portion of
the ownership interests in question that would have become
vested in due course if he had not been discharged. The
basis for this claim is the implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing that Massachusetts law reads into employment
contracts.
This implied covenant has been taken by Massachusetts
courts to permit discharged employees to recover unpaid
commissions or other expectancies in certain circumstances.
Fortune v. National Cash Register Co., 364 N.E.2d 1251, 1257- _______ __________________________
58 (Mass. 1977). One condition is that the discharge have
been done in bad faith; another, put generally, is that the
interest or claim pertains to "past" services, i.e., to ____
-5- -5-
services already performed at the time of the discharge.
McCone v. New England Tel. & Tel. Co., 471 N.E.2d 47, 49-50 ______ ____________________________
(Mass. 1984).
In the district court Tenaska, Inc., sought summary
judgment against this Fortune claim. It conceded that its _______
good or bad faith in discharging Sargent could not be
determined on summary judgment, but asserted that the
unvested interests claimed by Sargent were compensation for
future rather than past services. The district court agreed,
stressing the language in the employment letter that the
vesting provision was designed to "reward performance and
long-term accomplishments." This appeal followed.
The Fortune doctrine is easy to grasp in the simple _______
case that spawned it: an at-will salesman, entitled to a
commission payable at a later date, is fired, after the sale
but before the date of payment; and the reason for the firing
is to cut off the commission. In that case, Massachusetts
courts imply a covenant of good faith and fair dealing, treat
the discharge as a breach, and fix the remedy as an award to
the salesman of future compensation for the completed sale.
Fortune, 364 N.E.2d at 1257-58. _______
Since Fortune so held in 1977, Massachusetts appeals _______
courts have both extended and limited the doctrine in several
important decisions. For example, Fortune-based recoveries _______
have been allowed in Gram v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 429 ____ _______________________
-6- -6-
N.E.2d 21, 29 (Mass. 1981) ("Gram I"), Maddaloni v. Western ______ _________ _______
Mass. Bus Lines, 438 N.E.2d 351, 355-56 (Mass. 1982), and ________________
Cataldo v. Zuckerman, 482 N.E.2d 849, 855-56 (Mass. App. Ct. _______ _________
1985). These cases make clear that Fortune is not limited to _______
simple cases of commission sales with deferred payments. Id. ___
at 851-52.
On the other hand, the Supreme Judicial Court has
confined recovery to "identifiable, future benefit[s] . . .
reflective of past services," Gram I, 429 N.E.2d at 29, and ______
firmly excluded prospective benefits not thus tied to past
services, McCone, 471 N.E.2d at 50; Gram v. Liberty Mut. ______ ____ _____________
Ins. Co., 461 N.E.2d 796, 798 (Mass. 1984) ("Gram II"). The ________ ________
recurring difficulty, presented in the case before us, is how
to decide whether the unvested interests relate to "past" or
"future" services.
We treat this characterization issue as one of law. The
contract terms agreed to by the parties are not in dispute;
the debate is whether the law should extend protection
(assuming bad faith discharge) beyond the express terms of
the contract to certain expectancies. The extent of such
protection is primarily a matter for judges, not juries. See ___
Gram II, 461 N.E.2d at 798; cf. Green v. Richmond, 337 N.E.2d _______ ___ _____ ________
691, 695 (Mass. 1975) (judge decides the legal question of
whether undisputed contract terms violate public policy).
-7- -7-
It is easy to find a protectable interest where, as in
Fortune, the promised future payment is directly tied to a _______
particular past service, such as a discrete sale. This kind
of correlation is harder where the future payment is
connected not with a specific past act but with continued
service at the company over a period of time. The company
could be interested simply in the employee's service as it
occurs or, at the other extreme, in keeping the employee
until the last day no matter what. In the former case, one
could treat all of the time worked prior to discharge as past _____ ____
services and require pro rata payment; the latter case might
suggest otherwise.
In reality, motives are often mixed: the company may
want both to provide an ongoing incentive to work harder and
to retain an ever more valuable employee as long as possible.
A periodic vesting schedule achieves both aims; and the
latter is reenforced where, as here, the incremental amount ___________
vested in each period increases in later periods. And, with
periodic vesting, the employee gets some contractual
protection (i.e., of vested interests) against the loss of ____
the job in midstream.
A good argument could be made that, where a colorable
periodic vesting period is provided, the parties should be
taken to have settled between themselves the issue that the
Fortune doctrine itself seeks to mediate: how much of the _______
-8- -8-
promised future compensation should be treated as already
earned prior to the discharge. But Massachusetts case law
sends mixed signals on this issue. Compare Cataldo, 482 _______ _______
N.E.2d at 851-52 with Cort v. Bristol-Myers Co., 431 N.E.2d ____ ____ __________________
908, 910-11 (Mass. 1982).
Certainly, terms like "vested" and "unvested" do not
automatically control. An agreement might provide that an
employee who worked for five years to complete a five-year
project would get a one-third interest at the end but nothing
if he left prior to that date. If the employee was fired in
bad faith a month before completion, it is doubtful that
Fortune could be shrugged off by saying that the interest had _______
not yet vested.2
Still, ordinarily, a colorable periodic vesting schedule ________
crudely delineates the line between past and future services.
While Sargent remained at the company, his past services
grew; but so did his vested interests. Most of his past
services were therefore already compensated by his
contractual claims to vested interests; and unvested
____________________
2We decline Sargent's invitation to rely upon the
unpublished slip opinion in Ground Round, Inc. v. King, 671 ___________________ ____
N.E.2d 224 (1996) (Table), a summarily affirmed decision of
the Massachusetts Appeals Court that has some bearing upon
such a hypothetical. Massachusetts forbids citations to such
opinions in most circumstances, see Lyons v. Labor Relations ___ _____ _______________
Comm'n, 476 N.E.2d 243, 246 n.7 (Mass. App. Ct. 1985), for ______
reasons explained by the Lyons court, id., that make the _____ ___
seldom employed alternative practice exemplified by Aviles v. ______
Burgos, 783 F.2d 270, 283 n.4 (1st Cir. 1986), inapposite ______
here.
-9- -9-
interests were largely associated with future services not
protected under Fortune. We say "largely" because within the _______ ______
single vesting period embracing the date of discharge, one
could make an effort to distinguish and protect services
already performed between the start of that period and the
date of discharge.
Sargent has made no effort to argue for or support such
a drastic narrowing of his claim; he has chosen to argue that
yet unvested interests from all then-occurring and future ___
vesting periods are related to past compensation. Taking the
case as he has framed it, we agree with the district court:
taken as a whole, the unvested interests claimed by Sargent
did not specifically and identifiably correspond to Sargent's
past services. Predominantly, they were oriented to
compensating services not yet provided.
Sargent himself is unable to explain how the unvested
interests he claims can plausibly be treated as payment for
past services. His main argument is that it would be "an odd
sort of 'future compensation' indeed, when the employee pays
for it, receives it, earns income on it, and pays taxes on
it-- all in the present." But there is nothing odd about it;
certainly future services can be conditionally purchased by a
nominal transfer of ownership subject to a vesting provision
and enforced by a buy-back option.
-10- -10-
Sargent's best argument hangs on a single precedent, the
Massachusetts Appeals Court decision Cataldo. There, a _______
developer hired Cataldo to supervise its projects, promising
him, in addition to a base salary, a portion of the
developer's equity in two named projects and in future
projects handled by the firm. If Cataldo's employment ended
during a project, the firm could buy back his interest at the
lesser of appraised value or a sliding scale payment, giving ______
Cataldo $1,000 per month times the number of months the
project had consumed. Cataldo, 482 N.E.2d at 851-52. _______
The latter provision was effectively a periodic vesting
provision. When Cataldo was later fired, he sued for his
share of the developer's equity in several uncompleted
projects. Although the trial judge apparently thought the
express contract claim more suitable, he also instructed the
jury under Fortune doctrine. Cataldo, 482 N.E.2d at 854. _______ _______
The jury awarded Cataldo substantial sums. The Appeals Court
affirmed, saying:
We conclude that, when Cataldo was
discharged, the possibility that Cataldo
would gain later a vested share of the
developer's equity in each [firm] project
then viable was sufficiently an
`identifiable, future benefit . . .
reflective of past services' . . .
performed by Cataldo, to come within the
principle of the Fortune case. We _______
recognize, of course, that the precise
limits of the doctrine of that case are
not free from doubt.
Cataldo, 482 N.E.2d at 855-56 (citations omitted). _______
-11- -11-
Yet the Appeals Court never decided the question--
critical to us--whether the buy-back provision limited the
firm's liability to Cataldo with respect to uncompleted
projects. Instead, the court upheld a jury finding that the
buy-back option had been waived because the firm failed to
exercise that option promptly. Cataldo, 482 N.E.2d at 857. _______
Indeed, the court's language implies that it might otherwise
have limited liability to the vested interests. Hammond v. _______
T.J. Litle & Co., 82 F.3d 1166, 1168-69, 1172 (1st Cir. __________________
1996), perhaps closer to our own facts, turned on the plain
error rule.
Absent controlling precedent, we have sought to apply
the principle of Fortune--protection of compensation earned _______
for past services--and conclude that it does not fit ____
Sargent's unvested interests. To repeat, this is not because
of any magic in the terms vested and unvested, but because
the unvested interests here predominantly concern future ______
services expected from Sargent. Gram II, 461 N.E.2d at 798. _______
If Fortune is to be extended, this is a matter for the _______
Massachusetts courts and not for us.
Affirmed. ________
-12- -12-